WHAT IS READING COMPREHENSION?

What is reading comprehension?

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WHAT IS READING COMPREHENSION

READING COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY

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 Object-oriented analysis and design

Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application, system, or business by applying object-oriented programming, as well as using visual modeling throughout the software development process to guide stakeholder communication and product quality.

OOAD in modern software engineering is typically conducted in an iterative and incremental way. The outputs of OOAD activities are analysis models (for OOA) and design models (for OOD) respectively. The intention is for these to be continuously refined and evolved, driven by key factors like risks and business value.

Object-oriented analysis

The purpose of any analysis activity in the software life-cycle is to create a model of the system's functional requirements that is independent of implementation constraints.

The main difference between object-oriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that by the object-oriented approach we organize requirements around objects, which integrate both behaviors (processes) and states (data) modeled after real world objects that the system interacts with. In other or traditional analysis methodologies, the two aspects: processes and data are considered separately. For example, data may be modeled by ER diagrams, and behaviors by flow charts or structure charts.

Common models used in OOA are use cases and object models. Use cases describe scenarios for standard domain functions that the system must accomplish. Object models describe the names, class relations (e.g. Circle is a subclass of Shape), operations, and properties of the main objects. User-interface mockups or prototypes can also be created to help understanding

Object-oriented design

During object-oriented design (OOD), a developer applies implementation constraints to the conceptual model produced in object-oriented analysis. Such constraints could include the hardware and software platforms, the performance requirements, persistent storage and transaction, usability of the system, and limitations imposed by budgets and time. Concepts in the analysis model which is technology independent, are mapped onto implementing classes and interfaces resulting in a model of the solution domain, i.e., a detailed description of how the system is to be built on concrete technologies.

Important topics during OOD also include the design of software architectures by applying architectural patterns and design patterns with the object-oriented design principles.

 Fuente: https://en.wikipedia.org (Acceso 2 de marzo, 2024)

1. What is the main purpose of object-oriented analysis in software development?

a. Create implementation constraints
b. Create a model of functional requirements independent of implementation constraints
c. Design the final user interface
d. Write the final code directly

2. How does object-oriented analysis differ from other forms of analysis?

a. Object-oriented analysis considers only data, while traditional analysis considers processes
b. Object-oriented analysis organizes requirements around objects integrating behaviors and states
c. Object-oriented analysis does not use any modeling tools
d. Object-oriented analysis focuses on ER diagrams only

3. Which models are commonly used in Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)?

a. Data tables and algorithms
b. ER diagrams only
c. Use cases and object models
d. Flowcharts and structure charts

4. What is the primary focus during Object-Oriented Design (OOD)?

a. Creating user stories
b. Applying implementation constraints to the analysis model
c. Generating random code snippets
d. Ignoring software architectures completely

5. During OOD, what are important topics for designing software architectures?

a. Using any random design without any patterns
b. Ignoring software platforms and performance requirements
c. Applying only architectural patterns
d. Applying design patterns and object-oriented design principles

6. What are the outputs of Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) activities?

a. User stories
b. Analysis models
c. Final code
d. Use cases

7. How are concepts in the analysis model mapped in Object-Oriented Design (OOD)?

a. They are ignored completely
b. They are mapped onto implementing classes and interfaces
c. They are never implemented
d. They are only used for documentation

8. What is the intention behind continuously refining analysis and design models in OOAD?

a. To confuse stakeholders
b. To align with implementation constraints
c. To drive by risks and business value
d. To generate more paperwork

9. Which activity in OOD applies constraints to the conceptual model from OOA?

a. Creating user stories
b. Defining software architectures
c. Mapping concepts to implementing classes and interfaces
d. Applying implementation constraints

10. What do object models describe in Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)?

a. User stories
b. Class relations, operations, and properties of main objects
c. Final code implementation details
d. Use cases

 

Prezi: COMPUTER NETWORK CLASSIFICATION

Available at: https://prezi.com/u_xffm-pdcla/computer-network-classification-according-to-their-geographical-area/# [Acceso el 30 de marzo, 2018]

THE MOST POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES OF 2015 (Reading Comprehension)

10 Best Programming Languages of 2015 You Should Know

Submitted by alex on Tue, 01/27/2015 - 11:34

The technology world is expanding immensely with each passing year and months, as they are coming up with new trendier smartphones and tablets every other day and the competition too has grown tough in the market to stand at the highest position. That’s the reason programmers and web developers are in tremendous demand nowadays because they have a good knowledge of programming languages. Various programming languages are now available and each of them has distinct functions.

When you are just beginning, you might not know about these languages, but you can certainly make some efforts to learn about them and do mastery on at least one or more languages; then you can certainly gain a high-paid job for yourself in the industry. We have mentioned here 10 excellent programming languages of 2015 which you should learn and have a better idea.

1. Java

Java is considered as the perfect language for the developers and programmers to learn. Currently it is the top-most programming language and has grabbed the highest position with Android OS yet again, though it was a bit down a few years ago. Java can be utilized for mobile-based applications, enterprise level purpose, for creating desktop applications, and for establishing Android apps on tablets and smartphones.

2. PHP

The web developers should learn about PHP or Hypertext Preprocessor, a well-known programming language. With the help of PHP, you can enlarge a web app very quickly and effortlessly. PHP is the actual foundation of many strong content management systems, for example, WordPress. PHP is really a valuable programming language for the developers and programmers.

3. JavaScript

While you are expanding your site, JavaScript is extremely functional as this language can immensely assist you in generating communication for your website. You can utilize various in style frameworks in JavaScript for constructing superb user interface. When you’re into web development, it’s very important to known about JavaScript for making interactive web pages. JavaScript is applied for including animations on the web pages, loading fresh images, scripts or objects on web page, and craft hugely responsive user interfaces.

4. Python

For becoming skilled at all-in-one language, you should begin learning Python language that has the ability to expand web apps, data analysis, user interfaces, and many more, and frameworks are also available for these tasks. Python is utilized by bigger companies mostly that can evaluate vast data sets, thus this is a huge chance to learn it and be a Python programmer.

5. Objective-C

If you are the one who is interested on constructing apps for iOS, then you have to know about Objective-C language efficiently. The most preferred choice for all the web developers is Objective-C. When you have learnt Objective-C, you can begin applying XCode that is known to be the authorized software development tool from Apple. Thus you can quickly produce iOS app that can be noticeable in App Store.

6. Ruby

Another popular programming language is Ruby and Ruby on Rails. This can be learnt easily, and also very strong and clear-cut. If you’ve small time in hand and still want to craft any project, then you can surely utilize Ruby language. This programming language is applied massively for web programming, and hence turned out to be the ideal selection for the beginner companies.

7. Perl

Perl is also a well-accepted programming language that offers distinct tools for various obscure setbacks such as system programming. Though this programming language is a bit puzzling, but it is really a strong one that you can learn for this year, and renew your knowledge. Perl is mainly used for sites and web app expansion, desktop app development and system administration, and test automation that can be applied for testing databases, web apps, networking devices, and many more.

8. C, C++ and C#

You can increase your knowledge by learning about C this year that is unique programming language. Being the oldest, it should be learnt firstly when you start up, and it is mainly applied in forming different softwares.

C++ or C plus plus is a bit more progressive than C, and utilized immensely in forming hardware speeded games. It is an ideal selection for strong desktop software as well as apps for mobiles and desktop. Known to be the strongest language, C++ is applied in vital operating systems, such as Windows.

After learning these 2, you can go ahead in knowing about C# language. It won’t be difficult for you to get accustomed with C# after knowing C and C++. C# is actually the prime language for Microsoft applications and services. While executing with .Net and ASP technologies, you are required to be familiar with the C# accurately.

9. SQL

When you are executing on databases such as Microsoft SQL server, Oracle, MySQL, etc, you should be aware of SQL programming language or Standard Query Language. From this language, you can achieve the proficiency of acquiring the needed data from big and multifaceted databases.

10. Swift

Swift is reflected upon as the trendiest program language for expanding apps for Apple products. This language can be utilized by you for building up apps for iOS activated devices and Apple’s MAC in quick and simple method. When you are keen to expand a superb iOS application, then it is better for you to gain knowledge of Swift programming language.

Hence, the above programming languages are known to be the best ones of 2015. So the developers and programmers should ensure that they’re updated regarding them. Knowing such programming languages will certainly take them to a greater level altogether in their career!

                                                          Source:  https://www.devsaran.com/blog/10-best-programming-languages-2015-you-should-know  (Taken 2016)

TRABAJO PRACTICO N° 1: NOUN PHRASES

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING NOUN PHRASES:

1. access controls
2. PDF encryption
3. Adobe policy server
4. active response
5. operational and budget efficiency
6. the explosive growth
7. advanced search
8. continuing use controls
9. operating system
10. printing device
11. access control mechanism
12. protected document
13. the person using the password
14. fundamental weaknesses
15. a large client base
16. two passwords
17. simple copying and redistribution documents
18. digital certificates
19. applying controls
20. the developing market


© LockLizard Ltd 2008

PRACTICE: PRESENT PERFECT

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/17e4oPF3xV5K98wskfVzJPnsnh0KrIGlw/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=110148714800773127676&rtpof=true&sd=true

1. We have constructed this entire model based on data types.
2. In the 1970s, Kay's Smalltalk work had influenced the Lisp community to incorporate object-based techniques.
3. Object-oriented features have been added to many existing languages during that time, including Ada, BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, and others.
4. More recently, a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented yet compatible with procedural methodology.
5. Languages that are historically procedural languages have been extended with some OO features.
6. A tag contains the index of the datum in main memory that has been in the cache.

PRACTICE: Presente simple COMPUTER LANGUAGE SINTAX

COMPUTER LANGUAGE SINTAX
Every spoken language has a general set of rules for how words and sentences should be structured. These rules are collectively known as the language syntax. In computer programming, syntax serves the same purpose, defining how declarations, functions, commands, and other statements should be arranged.
Many computer programming languages share similar syntax rules, while others have a unique syntax design. For example, C and Java use a similar syntax, while Perl has many characteristics that are not seen in either the C or Java languages.
A program's source code must have correct syntax in order to compile correctly and be made into a program. In fact, it must have perfect syntax, or the program will fail to compile and produce a "syntax error." A syntax error can be as simple as a missing parenthesis or a forgotten semicolon at the end of a statement. Even these small errors will keep the source code from compiling.
Fortunately, most integrated development environments (IDEs) include a parser, which detects syntax errors within the source code. Modern parsers can even highlight syntax errors before a program is compiled, making it easy for the programmer to locate and fix them.
NOTE: Syntax errors are also called compile-time errors, since they can prevent a program from compiliing. Errors that occur in a program after it has been compiled are called runtime errors, since they occur when the program is running.

SOURCE CODE
Every computer program is written in a programming language, such as Java, C/C++, or Perl. These programs include anywhere from a few lines to millions of lines of text, called source code.
Source code, often referred to as simply the "source" of a program, contains variable declarations, instructions, functions, loops, and other statements that tell the program how to function. Programmers may also add comments to their source code that explain sections of the code. These comments help other programmers gain at least some idea of what the source code does without requiring hours to decipher it. Comments can be helpful to the original programmer as well if many months or years have gone by since the code was written.
Short programs called scripts can be run directly from the source code using a scripting engine, such as a VBScript or PHP engine. Most large programs, however, require that the source code first be compiled, which translates the code into a language the computer can understand. When changes are made to the source code of these programs, they must be recomplied in order for the changes to take effect in the program.
Small programs may use only one source code file, while larger programs may reference hundreds or even thousands of files. Having multiple source files helps organize the program into different sections. Having one file that contains every variable and function can make it difficult to locate specific sections of the code. Regardless of how many source code files are used to create a program, you will most likely not see any of the original files on your computer. This is because they are all combined into one program file, or application, when they are compiled.